Online Electronic Grammar (e-grammar):
Click to go to index
Institute of Foreign Languages
 
 
A <> B <> C <> D <> E <> F <> G <> H <> I <> J <> K <> L <> M <> N <> O <> P <> Q <> R <> S <> T <> U <> V <> W <> X <> Y <> Z
Click to go to alphabet_index
If you do not see a botton here, your browser(s) may not support this java script. SOLUTION: try to update your browser(s).
{Exchange each alphabet-image above to let the audiences know where they are! [you can find it in images/nav], then insert each alphabet's describtion in the first page only.}

Affect - Effect
Key Word 1

::. To affect so or sth...

UsageAFFECT
/әfekt/: is verb. To affect someone or something means to change or influence them in some way.
- ...the ways in which computes can affect our lives.
- The disease affected Jane's lungs.

Wrong He described some of the harmful affects of smoking.
Right He described some of the harmful effects of smoking.
Note/Rule Affect is nearly always a verb. The noun is normally effect. Compare:

- The new tax lays are likely to affect exports.
- The new tax laws are likely to have an effect on exports.

 

::. Effect is a change...

UsageEFFECT
/ifekt/: is usually sed as a noun. An effect is a change or event which occurs because something else has happened.
- ...the effect or noise on people in the factories.
- This has the effect of separating students from teachers.

Wrong Everyone knows that smoking effects your health.
Right Everyone knows that smoking affects your health.
Note/Rule Something either affects us or has an effect on us. Effect (with an e) is normally used as a noun. As a verb, it has a very different meaning.

::. MORE

UsageEFFECT
You can say that somehing has a particular effect on something else.
- Improvement in water supply can have a dramatic effect on health.
- Interest rates and mortgage rates are having a significant effect on Conservative support.

Note/Rule Effect is sometimes used as a verb. If you effect something that you are trying to achieve, you succeed in achieving it. This is a formal use.

- I was trying my best to effect all that plan for my brighter future.

Up

Afraid - Frightened
Key Word 2

::. If you are afraid of...
UsageAFRAID
If you are afraid of someone or something, you feel fear because you think they may harm you.
- They were afraid of you.
- The guards were so afraid that they trembled.
Wrong He was not an afraid child.
Right He was not a frightened child.
Note/Rule Afraid is only used after verbs such as 'be' and 'feel'. You do not use it in front of a noun.
Note/RuleYou do not usually use a modifier with afraid. You do not say, for example, 'I was a bit afraid'. If you want to talk about degrees of fear, you usually use frightened.
- He was still very frightened.
- I am just a little bit frightened.
- I was too frightened to ask what was going on.

Usage
I'm AFRAID...
You use 'I'm afraid...', 'I'm afraid so', and 'I'm afraid not' to express regret in a polite way. 'I'm afraid so' means 'yes'. 'I'm afraid not' means 'no'.
- I'm afraid I can't agree.
- 'I hear she's leaving. Is that right?' --'I'm afraid so.'
- 'Can you come round this evening?' --'I'm afraid not.'
::. Be very frightened...

UsageFRIGHTENED
You can also say that you are frightened of someone or something.
Frightened has the same meaning as 'afraid'.
-You're frightened of Alice.
- Everyone here is frightened of the volcano.

Wrong I was too frighten to move.
Right I was too frightened to move.
Note/Rule Frightened used as Adj is always ended by adding 'ed'.

::. MORE

UsageAFRAID - FRIGHTENED
If you are unwilling to do something because you think it might be harmful or dangerous, you can say that your are afraid to do it or frightened to do it.
- He was afraid to advance any farther.
- What is the use of freedom if people are frightened to go out?

Usageanother meaning of 'afraid'
Afraid has another meaning. You use it to say that you are worried that something unpleasant might happen and you want to avoid it. When you use afraid like this, it is usually followed by a report clause.
- She was afraid that I might be embarrassed.
Note/RuleYou can also sayt that you are afraid of doing something. For example, 'I was afraid that I might get lost', you can say 'I was afraid of getting lost'.
- She was afraid of being late for school.
- He was terribly afraid of offending anyone.

Up

{Back keyword}: Accuse - Charge | Advice - Advise
{Next keyword}: After - Afterwards | Allow - Permit - Let


Click to go home
Click to go back Click to go up Click to go next
Copyright by IFL© 2022
All Rights Reserved
Contact Us